06 Nov 09 String replacement with sed

Sed – stream editor is a powerful tool to manipulate strings. It will take STDIN as well as operating on a file:

The most common usage is to replace text:  echo “this is a test string” | sed s/i/z/g will replace every instance of ‘i’ with a ‘z’:  thzs zs a test strzng

You can delete a particular word with say echo “this is a test string”| sed s/test//g leaving: this is a  string

You can operate on a file with:

echo “this is a test string” >> file; sed -e s/test//g file Leaving: this is a  string

You can also use regular expressions with sed.

Tags: echo, sed, stdin

27 Oct 09 BASH Script – Blank Out CC Details

Edit: I should have pointed out originally, as I have now received feedback on this. This is NOT the best or optimal way of performing this task. I was trying to illustrate as many shell scripting principles as possible in terms of ‘if’, ‘for’, counters, etc, and how such a one liner has been put together. Perhaps I should have thought of a better way of illustrating such principles, but nevertheless, here it is!

Here’s a quick one liner, can’t think why anyone would ever have any use for it, but maybe the principle itself could be of use to someone! This will take a file containing listings of 16 digit numbers, i.e. 1234123412341234 and replace it with XXXXXXXXXXXX1234

Duly spaced and indented:

Would love anyone to comment with variations.

Tags: bash, echo, grep, script, tr

07 Mar 09 Linux piping and redirecting stdin stderr stdout

We have three relevant streams when dealing with passing data around on the command line. STDIN (0), STDOUT (1) and STDERR (2)

echo “hello” will return “hello” to STDOUT

echo “hello” | sed s/llo/y/g
Returns: ‘hey’

echo “hello” will print “hello” to STDOUT which we pipe to sed’s STDIN. The shell will fork both processes, echo and sed, and create a pipe between one’s STDOUT to the other’s STDIN. A ‘broken pipe’ will occur when one terminates unexpectedly.

strace echo “hello” will print the system calls that the command makes. Lets say I just want to print out open() calls.

strace echo “hello” | grep open does not work. It seems that the grep is ignored.

This is because strace sends it’s output to STDERR and not STDOUT. In this case we must redirect STDERR to STDOUT so grep can pick it up on it’s STDIN.

strace echo “hello” 2>&1 | grep open will work successfully.

What if we want to redirect STDOUT and STDERR to a file? We simply redirect STDOUT to a file and then redirect STDERR to STDOUT.

strace echo “hello” >/tmp/strace.output 2>&1

A nonstandard method of achieving the same by redirecting everything in one go is strace echo “hello” &>/tmp/strace.output however this is not guaranteed to work across all implementations.

* Post edited thanks to observations from Adam Bolte (16/11/09)

Tags: echo, grep, pipe, redirect, sed, stderr, stdin, stdout

05 Mar 09 BASH Shell Scripting – Sort a string alphabetically

I was asked today how to sort a string alphabetically with BASH

Using perl, you can easily enough use

print (join “”, sort split //,$_)

With bash however, the best option is:

echo “teststring” | grep -o . | sort -n |tr -d ‘\n’; echo
Which returns: eginrssttt

A good way of enumerating each character from a string in general is:

for (( i = 0; i < ${#str[@]}; i++ )); do echo “${str[$i]}”; done

Tags: bash, do, done, echo, for, grep, perl, print, shell, shell scripting, sort, string, tr

26 Oct 08 mknod tutorial

mknod is a powerful command with which you can create block or character special files. If you view the man page, you’ll see that you can use it to create block device links and character device links. If you don’t know what these are then don’t worry. The purpose of this tutorial is to explore the FIFO (First In First Out) feature.

A FIFO literally does what it says on the box. The first piece of data to go in is the first piece of data to go out.

The usage of the command is:

Usage: /bin/mknod [OPTION]… NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR]

Where MAJOR and MINOR are for the special devices mentioned above.
(more…)

Tags: /bin/mknod, beej, block, C, cat, character, device, echo, fifo, first in first out, Linux, major, man, man page, minor, mknod, shell script, special files